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In the past, when people talked about satellites, they often thought of large, heavy machines weighing hundreds of kilograms or even more than a ton. However, in recent years, the term "small satellite" has become increasingly popular. Recently, I had the chance to visit a small satellite manufacturing company, and it completely changed my perception. I found out that building small satellites is actually quite similar to IT systems or embedded development—more straightforward than I expected.
At first, it felt a bit surprising. Could middle school students really build satellites? It seems like they are more capable than primary school students who study classical Chinese literature with big data. The idea that a satellite doesn’t need a “Dad†to help is also fascinating—parents don’t get involved in this kind of project.
My visit to the small satellite company was eye-opening. I realized that small satellites are not as complex as they seem. Their development process is similar to hardware debugging in IT. It's like writing and testing code, but for physical systems.
In the center of the board is an OBC, which stands for On-Board Computer. It looks simple and not packed like the components in a smartphone. There’s no need to make it super thin or complicated.
This board is responsible for digital transmission, and it's used by Tiandi Communication. Each board connects power and data lines just like a PC, plugging into the right ports.
This is not the People's Liberation Army, but a Payload Adapter, which functions similarly to a bus management system in a computer. The design concept from Bayi School students isn't about weight distribution—it's more about structural framework.
This is the battery of a small satellite, equivalent to two phone batteries. It charges like a mobile phone, using sunlight when the satellite is in the sun. When it moves into the shade, it relies on the stored energy. One advantage of space is that there's always sunlight.
Making a small satellite involves assembling many parts, and once in space, they work together. The DBA on the left isn’t launched but is a modulation board used for debugging. Embedded systems usually don’t have displays, so engineers use a modulation board connected to a PC for programming and testing.
This is a small 3U satellite ordered by a Chinese entertainment company. It has cameras at both ends. If the requirements aren’t too high, these cameras can be purchased from Taobao. The solar panels haven’t been attached yet. The company now has its own satellite in orbit, which can support various businesses and inspire creativity. A 3kg satellite doesn’t cost much—owning one is possible. If companies can provide end-to-end satellite services, the industry could grow rapidly.
It's said that orbital positions are limited, especially for geostationary satellites over 35,800 km above the equator. Due to signal interference, each satellite occupies 2 degrees, leaving only 180 positions in a 360-degree circle. Small satellites, however, orbit at around 400–500 km, where the space is less restricted, allowing for more launches.
Once small satellites enter mass production, they will become common in global competition. They are no longer mysterious and resemble IT infrastructure or embedded systems. In the future, China might lead the development of a global small satellite network.
Of course, we should think big like the Americans. Shared bikes in China have created billions in value, and private capital is strong. China's communication capabilities are solid, and our IT and embedded systems are well-developed. Space launch costs are low, making the small satellite internet industry a promising field. It would be interesting if Chinese VCs started investing in satellite communications.
The simplicity of small satellites comes from China's complete industrial chains. For most countries, the threshold is too high. While Europe also produces satellite boards, the functionality is limited, and customization costs are high. European development is slow, and communication is inefficient. In contrast, China has done it independently, offering affordable solutions. Middle schools can bring back these satellites for study. Launching them is also easier, without needing a reliable upstream provider. The timing is flexible and practical.
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