I. Introduction to LED lighting industry
LED (light emi tting diode) is a semiconductor that converts electrical energy into visible light. It has high luminous efficiency (a two-watt LED is equivalent to 15 watts of incandescent lighting) and consumes less power. The advantages of 1/10 of ordinary lighting, long life and small size are considered to be another revolution of illumination sources after incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps. LED lighting industry has high technology content, strong economic driving, and is in line with the development route of low-carbon economy, which has been favored by all countries in the world. The US market research company Communications Industry Researchers (CIR) predicts that in the next 5 to 10 years, the global LED lighting industry will continue to maintain an average annual growth rate of 20% to 30%, forming a potential of 50 billion to 100 billion US dollars. market.
China's current LED lighting industry employs more than 50,000 people, more than 20 research institutes, and more than 4,000 enterprises (including more than 50 upstream companies, more than 1,000 packaging companies, and more than 3,000 downstream application companies). The pull of domestic demand and the introduction of policies such as “Ten Cities and Ten Thousand Miles†have driven the development of China's LED lighting industry. From 2001 to 2006, the average annual growth rate of market sales was 48%. It is estimated that the output value of the entire LED lighting industry in China will exceed 150 billion yuan in 2010.
Second, LED lighting industry chain analysis
In general, the LED lighting industry chain can be divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower. The upstream industry mainly includes LED material preparation, such as substrate, epitaxial material and chip manufacturing, which is a typical technology and capital-intensive industry; midstream companies are responsible for LED light-emitting device production and module packaging; downstream enterprises focus on LED lighting applications.
The LED lighting industry presents a typical pyramid industry structure: the upstream enterprises have high barriers to entry and the number of enterprises is the least; the number of midstream enterprises is large, belonging to technology and labor-intensive industries; the number of downstream enterprises is the largest, and the entry threshold is the lowest (investment of upstream epitaxial wafer preparation) The scale is thousands of times higher than some downstream applications, and it is still in the stage of low-end disorderly competition. In addition, LED lighting technology is widely used, and technical processes are demanding. Some key equipments, technologies and materials in the industrial chain have also become important factors affecting the development of the entire industry. In terms of China's situation, the total output value of LED lighting in 2008 was nearly 70 billion yuan, of which the upstream output value was only 1.9 billion yuan, the midstream output value was 18.5 billion yuan, and the downstream output value was 45 billion yuan.
(1) Analysis of upstream industries
The number of upstream entrepreneurs in the LED lighting industry is less than 20% of the entire industry chain, but it has a 70% profit in the entire industry chain. Due to the high technical requirements, the number of enterprises that can enter the upstream of China is very small. There are only more than 10 chips and epitaxial wafers that can be mass-produced, and the parameters such as brightness and light efficiency of products are far from the foreign countries. The upstream technology, process and equipment of the LED lighting industry are mainly controlled by developed countries such as the US, Europe and Japan.
1. Substrate material - monopoly market of Japanese and American companies
The development of substrate materials for the LED lighting industry affects the technical route of the entire LED lighting industry and is the key to all technical aspects. The current substrate materials are mainly sapphire (Al2O3), SiC, Si, ZnO, GaN, but only the first two have been commercialized on a large scale, and the market is dominated by almost two companies in Japan and the United States. Japan's Nichia Corporation monopolizes the supply of most sapphire substrates, while Cree, Inc. (Nasdaq-listed company, CREE.OQ) is the only company that offers commercial SiC substrates.
Case: Technical barriers set by Nichia Corporation
High barriers to entry are a good guarantee of excess profits. Technical barriers are the main obstacle for domestic companies to enter this stage. Take Japan's Nichia, a leading material for substrate materials, as an example. The company has a large number of patents in the world's major LED producing countries, including more than 640 invention patents and nearly 500 design substrate materials in Japan, 3 to 5 worldwide. Home, 85% epitaxial wafers and chips, domestic 30 to 50, output value of 1.9 billion yuan of light-emitting device production and module packaging, more than 1,000 domestic, output value of 18.5 billion yuan LED lighting products application, more than 3,000 domestic, output value of 45 billion patents More than 230 invention patents and more than 160 design patents in the United States; more than 100 invention patents and design patents in Korea and China. The strong technical ability has enabled Nichia to have almost all its products related to GaN-LED, especially in the field of outdoor full-color large screens (the most demanding areas for LEDs), which is almost monopolized by Nichia.
At the same time, the technical barriers set by Nichia have also put tremendous pressure on other companies. In August 2009, the Taiwan High Court found that Yiguang Electronics, one of Taiwan's leading LED companies, infringed on Japan's patents in Taiwan, and should pay NT$80 million in compensation; in November 2009, Nichia Corporation in the US against China. Three companies, including Shenzhen Jiawei Industries Co., filed a patent infringement lawsuit, demanding the immediate cessation of damage to the Japanese company that has the patent right and the corresponding damages.
2, epitaxial wafer growth - European and American enterprises leading technology and equipment
The growth of epitaxial wafers mainly depends on the growth process and equipment, and the equipment has become the biggest threshold for entry. The mainstream method for manufacturing epitaxial wafers in the LED lighting industry is to use metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The equipment is very difficult to manufacture and expensive. The price of a 24-piece machine is as high as tens of millions of yuan. The industry often has MOCVD. Equipment is an important indicator to measure the size and strength of an enterprise. At present, only a few companies in Germany, the United States and other countries can carry out commercial production of MOCVD, such as AIXTRON (Frankfurt listed company and NASDAQ listed company) in Germany and Veeco (Nasdaq listed company) in the US , VECO.OQ).
Case: The influence of the German company AIXTRON
Although AIXTRON in Germany does not produce any LED-related products, AIXTRON is unpredictable in the LED lighting industry as the largest and most market-leading compound semiconductor epitaxial equipment supplier in the world. AIXTRON currently has more than a thousand MOCVD equipment installed worldwide, with permanent representatives in nearly 20 countries and a global production share of over 60%. Germany AIXTRON company is also the only guest member of China's “National Semiconductor Lighting R&D and Industry Allianceâ€, which shows its influence on the LED lighting industry.
AIXTRON was born in 1983 at the Aachen University of Technology in Germany. In 1997, the company was listed in Frankfurt. After the listing, the company began to acquire global acquisitions. In 1999, it acquired the British company SWAN. In 2000, it acquired the shares of JIP in France. In 2001, it acquired 70% of the shares of Sweden's EPIGRESS. In 2005, it acquired the US company Genus and realized the Nasdaq. Listing.
3, chip manufacturing
Stronger companies in South Korea and Taiwan are second only to material preparation, and are technically and capital-intensive, and barriers to entry remain high. The main technical direction is to improve the light extraction efficiency, in which the external quantum efficiency of the chip is also the key, while at the same time reducing the junction temperature and effective heat dissipation. This largely requires the design of new chip structures and the refinement of equipment and management.
At present, there are two major types of global LED chip manufacturers: one is Japan Nichia and the US Cree. These companies rely on the core substrate technology to extend the industry chain and enter the epitaxial wafer and chip manufacturing. The first category is chip manufacturing companies in South Korea and Taiwan. These companies have entered the LED chip manufacturing field with their strong R&D capabilities and design strength in semiconductors, and have nearly half of the global market share. Major companies include Seoul Semiconductor (Kosdaq listed company, 046890) and Taiwan's Jingyuan Optoelectronics (Taiwan listed, 2448), Guanglei Technology (Taiwan listed, 2340), Huashang Optoelectronics (Taiwan, 6289) ) and Guangguang Optoelectronics (Taiwan Xing Cabinet, 8199) and so on.
Case: LED chip industry in Taiwan
The LED lighting industry in Taiwan began in the 1970s. In the first decade or so, it focused on downstream packaging, and almost all of the chips needed were imported from Japan. Since the 1980s, Taiwanese companies have actively expanded and succeeded in the middle and upper reaches, with the upstream link developing at a faster rate than the downstream link. At present, Taiwanese companies have an absolute advantage in chip manufacturing. In 2007, production was close to 50% of global production, and it is undisputedly the world's largest producer of LED chips. Chip manufacturing is more dependent on the refinement of equipment and management, and Taiwan's overall manufacturing advantages are obvious. In contrast, although the monthly capacity of GaN chips in mainland China reached 960 KK in 2007, a year-on-year increase of 60%, and the national production rate has also increased to 35%, but the total output is less than 1/4 of that in Taiwan, and most of them are low-end products, and the chips are reliable. Poor sex, especially the light decay is too large, the competitive advantage is not obvious.
(II) Analysis of the midstream industry
The middle reaches of the LED lighting industry mainly include the production of light-emitting devices and module packaging. In China, LED packaging has been developed for several years. The gap between technology and foreign countries is not very large. The price for packaging equipment and ancillary products is not high, and the barrier to entry is low. China's LED packaging products have reached the world's first output. In 2007, LED packaging products reached 82 billion, with an output value of 16.8 billion yuan. From the development of LEDs, the proportion of low-power LEDs is large, but the profits have been greatly reduced compared with previous years, and competition has intensified. The development of Dagong products in the past two years is strong, the development speed is quite fast, and the technical level is obviously improved. The biggest problem currently encountered by midstream companies in the LED lighting industry is that "the two ends are blocked." Due to the low barriers to entry, the number of enterprises entering LED light-emitting device production and module packaging has increased rapidly in recent years. However, the lack of upstream technology and the application channel of downstream products have not yet passed, which has greatly reduced the profit margin of midstream enterprises, even lower than the downstream industry. Profit margin.
Faced with such a dilemma, most of the more powerful LED packaging companies in China have adopted two options:
1. Reduce costs and improve labor productivity by continuously optimizing production lines and strengthening management, and relying on expanding scale to obtain better benefits;
2. Open up the industrial chain, try to enter the upstream epitaxial wafer and chip production, and tilt the focus of the operation model to the technology research and development. But no matter which of the above options, the lack of research and development strength and financial strength has become the bottleneck of the development of this part of the enterprise.
(III) Analysis of downstream industries
The downstream of the LED lighting industry mainly refers to LED applications, including luminaire manufacturing and lighting control systems. Its technology is more embodied in system design, structural design, heat treatment and second and third optical design, but compared with the upstream and upstream industries, the basic There is no technical difficulty. China's LED lighting industry has the largest number of entrepreneurs at this stage, creating more than 60% of the industry's output value.
The domestic LED downstream enterprises are mainly concentrated in Guangdong. Some enterprises have a certain scale, and the profit rate even exceeds 20%, but they mainly rely on low cost rather than performance advantage to win. Taking the LED display as an example, the price of the imported display array is generally 10,000 USD/m2, and there are more than 1000 domestic enterprises. The main enterprises such as Lehman Optoelectronics, Qinshang Optoelectronics, and Zhongdian Lighting occupy about 10% of the entire industry chain. Profits, fierce competition, nearly 3,000 domestic enterprises, accounting for nearly 60% of China's LED lighting industry.
The substrate technology is monopolized by the US and Japan, the core equipment is controlled by Europe and the United States, the chip technology is Korea, and Taiwan is the dominant player. China is currently the world's largest LED packaging production site, and the policy has become the biggest influencing factor for LED promotion.
Chain substrate technology, epitaxial wafer, chip luminaire and module packaging industry chain lighting products application upstream enterprises account for 70% of the entire industry chain of profits, the main enterprises are: the United States Cree, Japan Nichia, Germany AIXTRON, Seoul, South Korea. The price of domestic manufacturers is only 1000-2000 US dollars / square meter, and most of the export products are OEM for foreign companies. At the same time, the sales revenue of domestic enterprises rarely exceeds 300 million yuan, and the average scale is far from the international industry leader. In 2007, the sales revenue of Daktronics and Barco of Belgium reached 400 million US dollars and 747 million euros respectively. In order to survive in the fierce competition, some powerful and far-sighted downstream enterprises began to gradually transition from pure manufacturing-oriented enterprises to service-operated enterprises, that is, to increase the ability of enterprises in landscape design and display system solutions. According to customer needs, propose system solutions, and then rely on strong production resources to increase product added value.
Third, the main problems in China's LED lighting industry From a policy perspective, the Chinese government has given high attention to LED lighting.
The “863†plan, green Lighting Project, semiconductor lighting project, and “Ten Cities and Ten Thousand†semiconductor lighting application demonstration projects were successively formulated and launched. The six departments of the National Development and Reform Commission jointly announced the “Semiconductor Lighting Energy Conservation Industry†on October 12, 2009. Development Opinions to support the development of China's LED lighting industry. The main problems in China's LED lighting industry are:
1. Local protectionism in supportive policies
Some local governments have introduced policies to cultivate local LED lighting companies, giving priority to local municipal lighting and traffic lighting, which has led LED lighting downstream companies to focus on participating in government project bidding. In addition, the domestic LED lighting standards have not been formulated, and the application standards vary from place to place, which has led to great resistance for enterprises to explore the market across regions, and has also limited the overall development of the LED lighting industry.
2. Technology and equipment bottlenecks
In the technology of LED substrate materials and epitaxial wafer production equipment, the domestic LED lighting industry has obvious bottlenecks. The independent innovation and patents in the LED field of China's enterprises are mainly concentrated in the packaging stage. In the most critical white light, high-power LED lamp thermal balance problem, long-lasting and efficient phosphor, etc., the technology patent has been used by European, American and Japanese companies. monopoly. The brightness, luminous efficiency, antistatic ability, anti-leakage capability and quality control level of domestic LED products still have a large gap compared with international products.
3. Lack of product pricing power
Domestic LED enterprises are small in scale and industrial resources are scattered. Core chips, especially high-power lLED chips, mainly rely on imports from abroad. A single small and medium-sized manufacturer can only import high-priced chips from abroad, resulting in a low bargaining power, which keeps costs high.
4. Civil function urgently needs policy support
Since the price of LED lamps is more expensive than traditional sodium lamps, the one-time investment is large, which makes local governments dare not invest boldly, resulting in the speed of promotion and application of LED lamps in the country far behind those in the West. At the same time, most of China's current LED lighting is still used in public facilities, and its daily functions still need to be supported by relevant policies.
Classical Crystal Floor Light is a kind of floor lamp with Metal and crystal for main material. Floor lamps are generally placed in the rest area of the living room, and sofa, coffee table with, on the one hand to meet the needs of the region lighting, on the one hand the formation of a specific atmosphere. Usually, the floor lamp should not be placed in the area of tall furniture or hinder the activities of the area. These type light used E14/E27/E12/B22 lamp holder. There are many different patterns and designs for customer to choose. We can make light according to customers' requirments.
Classical Crystal Floor Light
Classical Crystal Floor Light,Crystal Floor Light,Design Classics Floor Lighting,Home Goods Floor Lamps
Laidi(Zhongshan) Lighting Co.,Ltd. , http://www.idealightgroup.com